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Donald Trump tariffs explained: Which countries, sectors are most affected and who’s exempted

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During his presidency (2017–2021), **Donald Trump** implemented a series of **tariffs** (taxes on imports) as part of his "America First" trade policy. These measures aimed to protect U.S. industries, reduce trade deficits, and pressure other countries into renegotiating trade deals. While some sectors benefited, others faced higher costs, and certain countries were hit harder than others.  

Key Tariffs Imposed by the Trump Administration**  
1. **Steel and Aluminum Tariffs (2018)**  
   - **25% on steel imports** and **10% on aluminum imports** from most countries.  
   - Initially targeted **China**, but later expanded to allies like the **EU, Canada, and Mexico** before some exemptions were granted.  
   - Justified under **Section 232 of the Trade Expansion Act of 1962**, citing national security concerns.  

2. **China-Specific Tariffs (2018–2019)**  
   - Imposed on **$370 billion worth of Chinese goods** in phases, with tariffs ranging from **7.5% to 25%**.  
   - Targeted sectors included **electronics, machinery, automotive parts, and consumer goods**.  
   - Aimed at pressuring China over **intellectual property theft** and unfair trade practices (under **Section 301 of the Trade Act of 1974**).  

3. **Additional Tariffs on the EU, Canada, and Others**  
   - In retaliation, the U.S. imposed tariffs on **European wine, cheese, and luxury cars**.  
   - Canada and Mexico faced tariffs until the **USMCA (new NAFTA) was negotiated**.  

Most Affected Countries
 
- **China**: The biggest target, facing tariffs on hundreds of products.  
- **EU**: Retaliated with tariffs on U.S. products like **bourbon, motorcycles, and jeans**.  
- **Canada & Mexico**: Initially hit by steel/aluminum tariffs but later exempted after USMCA.  
- **Japan & South Korea**: Negotiated partial exemptions but faced auto-related trade pressures.  

Most Affected Sectors
 
- **Manufacturing**: Steel and aluminum producers benefited, but industries relying on these materials (e.g., **automakers, construction**) saw higher costs.  
- **Agriculture**: **Soybean farmers** lost significant Chinese market share due to retaliatory tariffs.  
- **Technology & Consumer Goods**: Companies importing electronics from China faced higher expenses.  

Who Was Exempted?
  
- Some allies, like **Australia and Argentina**, were exempted from steel/aluminum tariffs.  
- Certain products got **temporary waivers** if no U.S. alternative was available.  
- Companies could apply for **exclusions** on a case-by-case basis.  

Impact & Aftermath 
- U.S. trade deficit with China initially grew before declining slightly.  
- Retaliatory tariffs hurt U.S. exporters**, especially farmers.  
- **Biden largely kept Trump’s China tariffs** but reopened talks with the EU.  

Trump’s tariffs reshaped global trade dynamics, favoring some industries while straining others. The long-term effects remain debated, with supporters praising protectionism and critics warning of higher consumer prices and trade wars.

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